A limited number of signalling pathways are involved in the specification of cell fate during the development of all animals. Several of these pathways were originally identified in Drosophila. To clarify their roles, and possible cross-talk, we have built a logical model for the nine key signalling pathways recurrently used in metazoan development. In each case, we considered the associated ligands, receptors, signal transducers, modulators, and transcription factors reported in the literature. Implemented using the logical modelling software GINsim, the resulting models qualitatively recapitulate the main characteristics of each pathway, in wild type as well as in various mutant situations (e.g. loss-of-function or gain-of-function). These models constitute pluggable modules that can be used to assemble comprehensive models of complex developmental processes. Moreover, these models of Drosophila pathways could serve as scaffolds for more complicated models of orthologous mammalian pathways. Comprehensive model annotations and GINsim files are provided for each of the nine considered pathways. Helikar Tomas thelika@unmc.edu University of Nebraska - Lincoln 2015-01-29T11:48:07Z 2016-01-22T07:08:46Z

Gram positive bacteria

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

necrotic (Nec) gene codes for the serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) SPN43Ac<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q6V6F8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q6V6F8</a></div><div>Gene Name: nec</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">45908</span></div><div><br/></div><div><div><br/></div></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

This is an input node [1].

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Gram negative bacteria

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Eukaryotic organism

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div>Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase pipe</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q86BJ3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q86BJ3</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: pip</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">40104</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

protease PSH (Persephone)<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VWU1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VWU1</a></div><div>Gene Name: psh</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">32832</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Gram-negative bacteria-binding protein 3<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9NHA8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9NHA8</a></div><div>Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/39020" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=39020&link_uid=39020" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">GNBP3</span></a></div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">39020</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 14.3000001907349px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 17.1599998474121px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br/></span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Serine protease Sphinx 1<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IQ79" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q8IQ79</a></div><div>Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4379815" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=4379815&link_uid=4379815" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">sphinx</span></a></div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">4379815</span></div><div><br/></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Serine protease Sphinx 2</span><div style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VS71" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VS71</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4379815" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=4379815&link_uid=4379815" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">sphinx</span></a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">4379815</span></div></div><div><br/></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

modular serine protease (modSP)<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VER6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VER6</a></div><div>Gene Name: mod SP</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">42032</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div>Peptidoglycan-recognition protein SD</div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VS97" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer;">Q9VS97</a><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/38858" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=38858&link_uid=38858" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">PGRP</span>-<span class="highlight">SD</span></a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">38858</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Virulence Factor

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div>Serine protease nudel</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P98159" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P98159</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: Ndl</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">38738</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Spatzle-processing enzyme (SPE)<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VCJ8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VCJ8</a></div><div>Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/42791" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=42791&link_uid=42791" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">SPE</span></a></div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">42791</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

GNBP Glucan Recognition\r\nProtein 1<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/B4PJ04" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">B4PJ04</a></div><div>Gene Name: GNBP1</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">40034</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div>Serine Protease Gd (gastrulation defective)</div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O62589" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">O62589</a><div>Gene Name: gd</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">32159</span></div><div><br/></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div><strong style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Serine protease easter</strong></div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P13582" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P13582</a><div>Gene Name: Ea</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">41858</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

serine protease inhibitor response integrator<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/E6ZCQ9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(222, 239, 245);">E6ZCQ9</a></div><div>Gene Name: Spirit</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">31797</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

<div>Peptidoglycan-recognition protein SA</div><font face="Arial, Verdana"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">UniProt ID: </span></font><a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VYX7" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20.081974029541px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VYX7</a><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/32099" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=32099&link_uid=32099" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">PGRP</span>-<span class="highlight">SA</span></a></div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">32099</span></div></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Diaminopimelic acid

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Protein spaetzle of  the Toll pathway ligand<div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P48607" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(222, 239, 245);">P48607</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene Name: spz </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43256</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Serine protease Snake<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P05049" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">P05049</a></div><div>Gene Name: Snk</div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">41607</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Grass (Gram-positive specific serine protease)<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9VB68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q9VB68</a></div><div>Gene Name: Grass</div><div>Gene ID:  <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">43273</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Serine Protease Spheriod<div>UniProt ID: <a href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q04LF4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(64, 148, 180); border-bottom-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.0571994781494px; line-height: 20.081974029541px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Q04LF4</a></div><div>Gene Name: <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/4442324" ref="ordinalpos=1&ncbi_uid=4442324&link_uid=4442324" style="color: rgb(100, 42, 143); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 17.9998016357422px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);"><span class="highlight">SPD</span>_2068</a></div><div>Gene ID: <span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.6999998092651px; line-height: 16.199821472168px; background-color: rgb(213, 222, 227);">4442324</span></div>

2015-11-15T20:51:57Z

Viru_fact positively regulates Psh [1, 2, 3, 4]. Nec inhibits Psh [1, 5].

The Necrotic regulates Toll activation by inhibiting PSH, which\r\nis involved in the cleavage of SPZ. [1, 5]

psh is activated by fungal virulence factors (substances that\r\nenhance the infectivity of the microbe) and detects proteases and\r\nchitinases secreted by spores of fungi that infect insects [1, 2, 3, 4]

S_6 1 S_11 1

Fungi activates GNBP3 [1]

Among the GNBPGNBP3 shows the greatest degree of similarity\r\nto lepidopteran (1,3)- glucan recognition proteins and was\r\ntherefore a good candidate for being a fungal-specific sensor. [1]

S_17 1

Grass positively regulates Sphinx [1]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Grass positively regulates Sphinx [1]</span>

S_23 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">PGRP_SD positively regulates ModSP [1]. </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">PGRP_SA positively regulates ModSP [1, 2]. </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">GNBP1 positively regulates ModSP [1, 2]. </span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">GNBP3 positively regulates ModSP [1, 2].</span>

PGRP_SD positively regulates ModSP [1]

Epistasis analysis indicates that ModSP functions downstream of\r\nPGRP-SA and GNBP1 [1, 2]

Upstream of Grass, the modular serine protease (modSP), is\r\nconserved in insect immune reactions, and plays an essential role\r\nin integrating signals from the recognition molecules Gramnegative\r\nbinding protein (GNBP) 3 and PGN recognition protein\r\n(PGRP)-SA to the Grass-SPE-SPZ cascade [1, 2]

S_5 1 S_18 1 S_2 1 S_9 1

DAP activates PGRP_SD [1, 2].

PGRP- SD presumably recognizes Diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-\r\ntype PGNs from Gram-negative bacteria, thereby activating the\r\nToll pathway [1, 2]

S_19 1

Fungi activates Viru_Fact [1]. GramP_Bact<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;"> activates Viru_Fact [1].</span>

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Fungi activates Viru_Fact [1]. </span>

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">GramP_Bact</span><span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;"> activates Viru_Fact [1].</span>

S_17 1 S_10 1

DV_patterning activates Ndl [1]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">DV_patterning activates Ndl [1]</span>

S_14 1

Easter positively regulates SPE [1]. Psh positively regulates SPE [1]. Spd positively regulates SPE [1]. Sphinx positively regulates SPE [1]. Spirit positively regulates SPE [1]

<span style="color: rgb(87, 87, 87); font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 11.0045003890991px; line-height: 15.4063005447388px; white-space: nowrap; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Psh positively regulates SPE [1]</span>

S_24 1 S_3 1 S_15 1 S_1 1 S_13 1

GramP_Bact positively regulates GNBP1 [1]

GNBP1 appears to mainly recognize\r\nGram-positive bacteria. [1]

S_10 1

Ndl positively regulates Gd [1, 2, 3].

Ndl's own serine protease domain, perhaps autoactivated with the help\r\nof cofactors (not known yet), cleaves GD, thus initiating the\r\nprotease cascade that ends with the proteolytic processing of SPZ\r\nto produce the Toll ligand. [1, 2, 3]

S_7 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Pipe in conjunction with Snk positively regulates Easter [1, 2, 3, 4]</span>

Pipe in conjunction with Snk positively regulates Easter [1, 2, 3, 4]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Pipe in conjunction with Snk positively regulates Easter [1, 2, 3, 4]</span>

S_22 1 S_20 1

Grass positively regulates Spirit [1, 2]

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">Grass positively regulates Spirit [1, 2]</span>

S_23 1

GramP_Bact activates PGRP_SA [1, 2, 3].

PGRP-SA appears to mainly recognize\r\nGram-positive bacteria [1, 2, 3]

S_10 1

<span style="font-size: 13.3333330154419px;">GramN_Bact negatively regulates Dap [1]</span>

GramN_Bact negatively regulates Dap [1]

S_16 1

SPE positively regulates Spz [1, 2, 3, 4].

In microb recognition, Spatzle-processing enzyme (SPE) is\r\nresponsible for SPZ cleavage. [1, 2, 3, 4] 

S_8 1

<span style="color: rgb(79, 79, 79); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; orphans: 3; widows: 3; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">GD positively regulates Snk [1, 2, 3, 4].</span>

GD positively regulates Snk [1, 2, 3, 4].

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium;">ModSP positively regulates Grass [1]</span>

ModSP positively regulates Grass [1]

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Grass positively regulates Spd [1, 2, 3].

Grass can associated with the serine proteases Spirit, Sphinx 1\r\nand 2 or Spheroid, in a complex with\r\nPRRs (pattern-recognition receptors), directing Grass activity\r\ntoward SPE [1, 2, 3].

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